4/8/2024 0 Comments Seat belt sign trauma![]() ![]() It may leak bile, usually without serious consequences. The liver may be lacerated or contused, and a hematoma may develop. Liver injuries present a serious risk for shock because the liver tissue is delicate and has a large blood supply and capacity. The liver, the most vulnerable abdominal organ to all forms of injury because of its size and location (in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen), is injured in about five percent of all people admitted to a hospital for trauma. The characteristics of the injury are determined in part by which organ or organs are injured. One or more of the intra-abdominal organs may be injured in abdominal trauma. Hemorrhage and systemic infection are the main causes of deaths that result from abdominal trauma. Gastrointestinal organs such as the bowel can spill their contents into the abdominal cavity. Hollow organs such as the stomach, while not as likely to result in shock from profuse bleeding, present a serious risk of infection, especially if such an injury is not treated promptly. Solid abdominal organs, such as the liver and kidneys, bleed profusely when cut or torn, as do major blood vessels such as the aorta and vena cava. Pathophysiology Ībdominal trauma can be life-threatening because abdominal organs, especially those in the retroperitoneal space, can bleed profusely, and the space can hold a great deal of blood. ![]() Gunshot wounds that penetrate the peritoneum result in significant damage to major intra-abdominal structures in some 90 percent of cases. Gunshot wounds, which are higher energy than stab wounds, are usually more damaging than the latter. Abdominal injury may result from child abuse and is the second leading cause of child abuse-related death, after traumatic brain injury. Falls and sports are also frequent mechanisms of abdominal injury in children. Sports injuries can affect abdominal organs such as the spleen and kidneys. In children, bicycle mishaps are also a common cause of abdominal injury, especially when the abdomen is struck by the handlebars. Children are especially vulnerable to abdominal injury from seat belts, because they have softer abdominal regions and seat belts were not designed to fit them. Seat belts reduce the incidence of injuries such as head injury and chest injury, but present a threat to such abdominal organs as the pancreas and the intestines, which may be displaced or compressed against the spinal column. Motor vehicle collisions are a common source of blunt abdominal trauma. Injuries associated with intra-abdominal trauma include rib fractures, vertebral fractures, pelvic fractures, and injuries to the abdominal wall. ![]() In penetrating injuries, an evisceration (protrusion of internal organs out of a wound) may be present. Pneumoperitoneum, air or gas in the abdominal cavity, may be an indication of rupture of a hollow organ. Abdominal guarding is a tensing of the abdominal wall muscles to guard inflamed organs within the abdomen. The injury may present with abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, or rigidity to the touch, and bowel sounds may be diminished or absent. Early indications of abdominal trauma include nausea, vomiting, blood in the urine, and fever. Seatbelts may also cause abrasions and hematomas up to 30 percent of people with such signs have associated internal injuries. People injured in motor vehicle collisions may present with a " seat belt sign", bruising on the abdomen along the site of the lap portion of the safety belt this sign is associated with a high rate of injury to the abdominal organs. Signs and symptoms are not seen in early days and after some days initial pain is seen. Injury to the lower chest may cause splenic or liver injuries. It is divided into two types blunt or penetrating and may involve damage to the abdominal organs. Complications may include blood loss and infection.ĭiagnosis may involve ultrasonography, computed tomography, and peritoneal lavage, and treatment may involve surgery. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, rigidity, and bruising of the external abdomen. ![]() Abdominal trauma resulting in a right kidney contusion (open arrow) and blood surrounding the kidney (closed arrow) as seen on CTĪbdominal trauma is an injury to the abdomen. ![]()
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